Chlorophyll 3D Chlorophyll Greek, chloros "green" and phyllon "leaf" is a porphyrin derivative found in green plants and cyanobacteria which allows these organisms to perform photosynthesis. Shown below are the structures of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b ; the magnesium-free forms of these molecules are called pheophytin a and pheophytin b. The three-dimensional structure shown on the right is that of pheophytin a. A double bond in one of the pyrrole rings in the porphyrin macrocycle is reduced to a single bond in the structure below, this is the carbon-carbon bond to which the long side-chain, sometimes called the phytyl group, is attached ; these "dihydroporphyrins" are known as chlorins.
The energy from the sunlight that is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of green plants is used to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates such as glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 from carbon dioxide and water:. This equation summarizes a lot of complex chemistry, which it is beyond the scope of this page to try to summarize. In the fall, the green color of many plants disappears as the chlorophyll starts to break down; this allows other pigments, such as carotenes, in the leaves to "show their colors," producing the vivid yellows and oranges associated with fall colors.
Buckminsterfullerene , or C 60 , is a soccer-ball shaped molecule consisting of 60 carbon atoms. The molecule was discovered by H. Kroto, R. Smalley, and R. Curl in the s in experiments involving graphite vaporized with lasers they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery in The structure, a truncated icosahedron, having 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons, reminded them of the shape of the geodesic dome designed by the architect R.
Buckminster Fuller, and they named the molecule in his honor. Similar spherical-shaped carbon-only molecules, such as C 70 , are often referred to as fullerenes or "buckyballs.
The fullerenes are considered another allotrope stable structural form of carbon, in addition to graphite and diamond. In the s it was discovered that C 60 could be made in larger quantities by heating graphite in an inert atmosphere.
Since then, these molecules have been intensely investigated. Nanotubes are cylindrical versions of the fullerenes; they look something like a chain link fence rolled into a cylinder, with a dome-shaped cap on the end half of a buckyball. Nanotubes also known as "buckytubes" are extremely strong, as well as being very lightweight since they are made of nothing but carbon atoms.
These materials are being tested for potential use in many materials; some nanotubes also conduct electricity, leading to some potential applications in circuit design and electronics. C 70 3D Download 3D C 70 is another example of a fullerene. It has a slightly elongated, oval shape. Atkins, Molecules , 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, , p. Paula Yurkanis Bruice, Organic Chemistry , 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, , p. Marye Anne Fox and James K.
Whitesell, Organic Chemistry , 3rd ed. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, p. Maitland Jones, Jr. New York: W. Richard J. Lewis, Sr. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, , p. Royston M. Roberts, Serendipity: Accidental Discoveries in Science. Sharp, The Penguin Dictionary of Chemistry , 2nd ed.
London: Penguin Books, Wade, Jr. Martha Windholz ed. Benzene 3D Download 3D Benzene was first isolated by Michael Faraday in , from the whale oil used in gaslights; he also determined that it had an empirical formula of CH. Amygdalin Laetrile 3D Download 3D Amygdalin is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules in which a carbon bearing a cyano CN group and a benzene ring is attached to one of the oxygen atoms on a glucose.
Hyacinthin 3D Download 3D Hyacinthin is commonly used in perfumes; it is responsible for the floral scent found in hyacinth oddly enough. Cinnamaldehyde 3D Download 3D Cinnamaldehyde is found in oil of cinnamon, which is found in the bark of the cinnamon tree. Naphthalene 3D Download 3D Naphthalene is a white crystalline solid, derived from coal tar, with a characteristic odor of mothballs — which is not a coincidence, since naphthalene is frequently used in mothballs.
Pyridine 3D Download 3D In the pyridine molecule, one of the CH groups of the benzene ring is replaced with a nitrogen atom. OUT on pyrrole. The energy from the sunlight that is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of green plants is used to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates such as glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 from carbon dioxide and water: This equation summarizes a lot of complex chemistry, which it is beyond the scope of this page to try to summarize.
Download 3D. Buckminsterfullerene 3D Download 3D Buckminsterfullerene , or C 60 , is a soccer-ball shaped molecule consisting of 60 carbon atoms. Navigation Bar. Molecule Gallery. Toluene or methylbenzene is a commonly used organic solvent; it is less carcinogenic than benzene because the methyl group is easily oxidized, and can be converted to products that can be eliminated from the body with relative ease.
There are three structural isomers of the xylenes , which have two methyl groups on the benzene ring. Aniline is a colorless, oily liquid. Phenol is a mild acid in aqueous solution where it is known as carbolic acid , and was originally used as a disinfectant in hospitals. Benzoic Acid. Benzoic Acid is is a white, crystallize solid at room temperature. Styrene consists of a benzene ring connected to a carbon-carbon double bond. Benzaldehyde consists of a benzene ring connected to an aldehyde group a carbon-oxygen double bond bearing a hydrogen, —CHO.
For example, the molecule shown on the right, benzo[ a ]pyrene is an exceedingly potent carcinogen found commonly in coal tar and soot, including tobacco smoke and diesel exhaust both of which are listed by IARC as "carcinogenic to humans". PAH's can also cause other cancers through skin contact and ingestion and can have reproductive as well as possibly teratogenic effects. A compound that has an odor is not necessarily aromatic.
Likewise, not all aromatic molecules have an odor. When the term aromatic is used on an SDS it is referring to the chemical definition of aromaticity, not the smell or odor of the compound.
Treat all aromatic compounds with respect as many of them pose serious physical and health hazards such as carcinogenicity and flammability. Use proper personal protective equipment PPE and minimize your exposure to aromatic compounds by using proper engineering and administrative controls. Laboratory operations are a breeze with Ohaus analytical balances from Safety Emporium. See also : aliphatic , hydrocarbon , organic.
Additional definitions from Google and OneLook. Entry last updated: Saturday, February 1, This page is copyright by ILPI. Unauthorized duplication or posting on other web sites is expressly prohibited. The ring must contain pi electrons The carbon on the left side of this molecule is an sp 3 carbon, and therefore lacks an unhybridized p orbital.
Example Question 5 : Identifying Aromatic Compounds. Possible Answers:. Correct answer:. Explanation : There are 14 pi electrons because oxygen must contribute 2 pi electrons to avoid antiaromaticity. Example Question 6 : Identifying Aromatic Compounds. Explanation : If oxygen contributes any pi electrons, the molecule will have 12 pi electrons, or 4n pi electrons, and become antiarmoatic.
Consider the molecular structure of anthracene, as shown below. Which of the following is true regarding anthracene? Possible Answers: Anthracene follows Huckel's rule. Correct answer: All of these answer choices are true.
Explanation : In this question, we're presented with the structure of anthracene, and we're asked to find which answer choices represent a true statement about anthracene. All of the answer choices are true statements with regards to anthracene.
Consider the molecule furan, shown below:. Is this molecule aromatic, non-aromatic, or antiaromatic? Possible Answers: Antiaromatic. Correct answer: Aromatic. Explanation : When determining whether a molecule is aromatic, it is important to understand that aromatic molecules are the most stable, followed by molecules that are non-aromatic, followed by molecules that are antiaromatic the least stable. Example Question 9 : Identifying Aromatic Compounds.
Consider the following molecule. Explanation : An aromatic must follow four basic criteria: it must be a ring planar, have a continuous chain of unhybridized p orbitals a series of sp 2 -hybridized atoms forming a conjugated system , and have an odd number of delocalized electron pairs in the system. Example Question 10 : Identifying Aromatic Compounds. Consider the structure of cyclobutadiene, shown below:. Possible Answers: Non-aromatic. Correct answer: Antiaromatic.
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