ATP can be produced by various cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation under the catalytic influence of ATP synthase or in the case of plants in chloroplasts by photosynthesis.
The main fuels for ATP synthesis are glucose and fatty acids. Initially glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytosol. Two molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of glucose. The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0. The energy used daily by an adult calls for the hydrolysis of to moles of ATP.
This means that each ATP molecule has to be recycled to times during the day. ATP cannot be stored and so its synthesis has to closely follow its consumption. Living cells also have other "high-energy" nucleoside triphosphates, such as guanine triphosphate. Between them and ATP, energy can be easily transferred with reactions such as those catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphokinase: Energy is released when hydrolysis of the phosphate-phosphate bonds is carried out.
This energy can be used by a variety of enzymes, motor proteins, and transport proteins to carry out the work of the cell. Also, the hydrolysis yields free inorganic phosphate and adenosine diphosphate, which can be broken down further to another phosphate ion and adenosine monophosphate. ATP can also be broken down to adenosine monophosphate directly, with the formation of pyrophosphate.
This last reaction has the advantage of being an effectively irreversible process in aqueous solution. Explain it with Molecules. Read full article at Wikipedia. Average Mass. Monoisotopic Mass. Metabolite of Species.
Mus musculus NCBI:txid Escherichia coli NCBI:txid See: PubMed. Roles Classification. Biological Role s :. Animals obtain their energy by oxidation of foods, plants do so by trapping the sunlight using chlorophyll.
However, before the energy can be used, it is first transformed into a form which the organism can handle easily. This special carrier of energy is the molecule adenosine triphosphate , or ATP. The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, ribose the same sugar that forms the basis of RNA.
Attached to one side of this is a base a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms ; in this case the base is adenine. The other side of the sugar is attached to a string of phosphate groups. These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP. ATP works by losing the endmost phosphate group when instructed to do so by an enzyme.
This reaction releases a lot of energy, which the organism can then use to build proteins, contact muscles, etc. The reaction product is adenosine diphosphate ADP , and the phosphate group either ends up as orthophosphate HPO 4 or attached to another molecule e.
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