What is Plant Tissue Culture? Plant Tissue Culture is a process that uses plant material in a growing medium to grow new platelets. The initial plant material is cultured and developed in a specific and tightly controlled environment. Otherwise known as micropropagation, the Tissue Culture Process helps you to grow multiple uniform plants in quick succession. This process is beneficial for developing countries looking to increase crop yield, a private at-home grower interested in producing consistent quality, as well as businesses looking to produce exact replicas of a species for profit.
While the process is simple, there are a few key factors that need to be in place. Without the proper sterile environment and growing medium, the tissue culture process is unlikely to be successful. Once the new plants have been successfully propagated, they are transferred into a more natural environment, either a nursery or a greenhouse.
This process is usually much quicker, and growers can produce many plants in a short amount of time. This may sound too good to be true, so what's the catch? Let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of the tissue culture process. Advantages of Tissue Culture. There are several advantages to using the tissue culture process.
It can also be used for the production of plants as a source of edible vaccines. There are many useful plant-derived substances which can be produced in tissue cultures. Since last two decades there have been considerable efforts made in the use of plant cell cultures in bioproduction, bioconversion or biotransformation and biosynthetic studies. The potential commercial production of pharmaceuticals by cell culture techniques depends upon detailed investigations into the biosynthetic sequence.
There is great potential of cell culture to be use in the production of valuable secondary products. Plant tissue culture is a noble approach to obtain these substances in large scale. Plant cell culture has made great advances. Perhaps the most significant role that plant cell culture has to play in the future will be in its association with transgenic plants. The ability to accelerate the conventional multiplication rate can be of great benefit to many countries where a disease or some climatic disaster wipes out crops.
The loss of genetic resources is a common story when germplasm is held in field genebanks. Slow growth in vitro storage and cryopreservation are being proposed as solutions to the problems inherent in field genebanks. If possible, they can be used with field genebanks, thus providing a secure duplicate collection. They are the means by which future generations will be able to have access to genetic resources for simple conventional breeding programmes, or for the more complex genetic transformation work.
As such, it has a great role to play in agricultural development and productivity. Adventitious : development of organs such as buds, leaves, roots, shoots and somatic embryos from shoot and root tissues and callus. Agar :Natural gelling agent made from algae.
Aseptic technique : procedures used to prevent the introduction of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, virusesand phytoplasmas into cell, tissue and organ cultures, and cross contamination of cultures.
Autoclave :A machine capable of sterilizing by steam under pressure. Axenic culture : a culture without foreign or undesired life forms but may include the deliberate co-culture with different types of cells, tissues or organisms.
Callus : an unorganized mass of differentiated plant cells. Cell culture : culture of cells or their maintenance in vitro including the culture of single cells. Chemically defined medium : a nutritive solution or substrate for culturing cells in which each component is specified.
Clonal propagation : asexual multiplication of plants from a single individual or explant. Clones : a group of plants propagated from vegetative parts, which have been derived by repeated propagation from a single individual. Clones are considered to be genetically uniform. Contamination : infected by unwanted microorganisms incontrolled environment. Cryopreservation : ultra-low temperature storage of cells, tissues, embryos and seeds. Culture : A plant growing in vitro in a sterile environment.
Differentiated : cultured cells that maintain all or much of the specialized structure and function typical of the cell type in vivo. Embryo culture : In vitro culture of isolated mature or immature embryos. Explant : an excised piece or part of a plant used to initiate a tissue culture. Ex vitro : Organisms removed from tissue culture and transplanted; generally plants to soil or potting mixture.
Hormone : Generally naturally occurring chemicals that strongly affect plant growth. In Vitro : To be grown in glass. In Vivo : To be grown naturally. Medium : a solid or liquid nutritive solution used for culturing cells. Meristem : a group of undifferentiated cells situated at the tips of shoots, buds and roots, which divide actively and give rise to tissue and organs. Micropropagation : multiplication of plants from vegetative parts by using tissue culture nutrient medium.
Propagule : a portion of an organism shoot, leaf, callus, etc. Somatic embryos : non-zygotic bipolar embryo-like structures obtained from somatic cells. Subculture : the aseptic division and transfer of a culture or portion of that culture to a fresh synthetic media. Tissue culture : in vitro culture of cells, tissues, organs and plants under aseptic conditions on synthetic media.
Totipotency : capacity of plant cells to regenerate whole plants when cultured on appropriate media. Transgenic : plants that have a piece of foreign DNA. Undifferentiated : cells that have not transformed into specialized tissues. BAP 6-benylaminopurine. EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EtOH Ethanol. GA 3 Gibberellic acid. IAA Indoleacetic acid.
IBA lndolebutyric acid. NAA Naphthaleneacetic acid. KN Kinetin. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.
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Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. Downloaded: Hattar, Distt. Introduction Tissue culture is the in vitro aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions [ 1 ] often to produce the clones of plants. Techniques of plant tissue culture Micropropagation Micropropagation starts with the selection of plant tissues explant from a healthy, vigorous mother plant [ 15 ].
Stage 0: Preparation of donor plant Any plant tissue can be introduced in vitro. Stage I: Initiation stage In this stage an explant is surface sterilized and transferred into nutrient medium. Stage II: Multiplication stage The aim of this phase is to increase the number of propagules [ 22 ].
Stage III: Rooting stage The rooting stage may occur simultaneously in the same culture media used for multiplication of the explants. Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis Somatic embryogenesis : is an in vitro method of plant regeneration widely used as an important biotechnological tool for sustained clonal propagation [ 23 ]. Mature embryos are then cultured for germination and plantlet development, and finally transferred to soil Somatic embryogenesis has been reported in many plants including trees and ornamental plants of different families.
Tissue culture in pharmaceuticals Plant cell and tissue cultures hold great promise for controlled production of myriad of useful secondary metabolites [ 72 ]. Table 1. List of some secondary plant product produced in suspension culture. Hairy root cultures The hairy root system based on inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes has become popular in the last two decades as a method of producing secondary metabolites synthesized in plant roots [ 99 ].
Tissue culture facilities at Qarshiindustries Plant tissue culture Lab was established in with the objectives to raise endangered medicinal plant species and the plants difficult to raise through traditional methods for conservation and mass propagation. Case study 1 Case study 2 Tissue culture of Tobacco Nicotianatabacum L. Case study 3 In vitro propagation of Honey Plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni The in vitro clonal propagation of Stevia rebaudiana was conducted by inoculatingseeds on MS medium [ 10 ] and placing under photoperiod of 16 hrs light and 8hrs dark in growth room.
Case study 4 Multiplication and regeneration of Potato Solanumtuberosum L. Case study 5 Tissue culture of physic nut Jatrophacurcas L. Conclusion Plant tissue culture represents the most promising areas of application at present time and giving an out look into the future.
Commonly used terms in tissue culture Adventitious : development of organs such as buds, leaves, roots, shoots and somatic embryos from shoot and root tissues and callus. Agar :Natural gelling agent made from algae Aseptic technique : procedures used to prevent the introduction of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, virusesand phytoplasmas into cell, tissue and organ cultures, and cross contamination of cultures.
Autoclave :A machine capable of sterilizing by steam under pressure Axenic culture : a culture without foreign or undesired life forms but may include the deliberate co-culture with different types of cells, tissues or organisms. Contamination : infected by unwanted microorganisms incontrolled environment Cryopreservation : ultra-low temperature storage of cells, tissues, embryos and seeds.
Culture : A plant growing in vitro in a sterile environment Differentiated : cultured cells that maintain all or much of the specialized structure and function typical of the cell type in vivo. Hormone : Generally naturally occurring chemicals that strongly affect plant growth In Vitro : To be grown in glass In Vivo : To be grown naturally Laminar Flow Hood : An enclosed work area where the air is cleaned using HEPA filters Medium : a solid or liquid nutritive solution used for culturing cells Meristem : a group of undifferentiated cells situated at the tips of shoots, buds and roots, which divide actively and give rise to tissue and organs.
Transgenic : plants that have a piece of foreign DNA Undifferentiated : cells that have not transformed into specialized tissues. But the two are so different. Attempts to cross them failed since the resulting offsprings were all sterile. Key to the effort were gene banks that hold seeds of 1, African rice — which faced extinction since farmers have already abandoned them for higher-yielding Asian varieties.
Advances in agricultural research helped scientists cross these two species. Once the fertility of the progeny was improved often after several cycles of back-crossing , anther culture was used to double the gene complement of the male sex cells anthers and, thus, produce true-breeding plants.
Some of the new plants combined yield traits of the sativa parent with local adaptation traits from glaberrima. In , it was estimated that the new rices covered some 8, ha in Guinea, of which ha were grown by 20, farmers under the supervision of the national extension agency. Anther : Main male reproductive structure, in which pollen are formed and stored. DNA : A molecule found in cells of organisms where genetic information is stored.
Embryo rescue : A sequence of tissue culture techniques used to enable a fertilized immature embryo resulting from an interspecific cross to continue growth and development, until it can be regenerated into an adult plant.
Pocket K No. Regenerated plants are then transferred into test tubes. Once they have reached a certain size, they will be transplanted into soil. How is Tissue Culture Done? Tissue culture is an important component of transforming plants with new genes.
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